Spell Design (5e Guideline)

Pages 283 and 284 of the Dungeon Master's Guide provide some basic advice for creating spells. This page builds on those guidelines and more thoroughly analyzes them. Many standards set on this page are based on SRD spells.

This page assumes you understand the content on the pages about spells and casting a spell. It is also assumed you are generally familiar with how spells work in 5th edition; there is no "caster level", Concentration is a thing, cantrips scale with your character level and not your class level, etc.

Fundamental considerations

Whenever possible, look for an SRD spell to use as a guideline. Chances are there is at least one spell that has something in common with what you have in mind.

In practice, simpler is generally better. A spell with a simpler effect is easier to remember without reference and is generally easier to use. Complex spells aren't inherently bad, of course, but complexity for the sake of complexity is usually undesirable.

Class identity

When creating a spell for existing classes (as opposed to a homebrew class you are making), take into consideration the style of spells available to that class. Clerics, for instance, don't go around casting explosive fireballs or arcane magic, just as wizards and sorcerers don't wield spells based on divinity or healing wounds. Summaries of each class's spellcasting identity are listed below.

Artificer

Artificer spells tend to focus on item iteration, the study of the arcane, and enhancing either their ability to do things or their allies ability to do things. They tend to have very few spells that directly aid in combat via healing or by dealing damage.

Bard

Bard spells are usually subtle and focus on interaction far more than the spells of other classes. Few bard spells are blatantly harmful to their targets, but those that inflict damage usually inflict either thunder damage, psychic damage, or damage based on a weapon. They notably lack any spells which strongly invoke elements like ice and fire or any spells that conjure creatures—such spells would likely clash with the bard motif.

While bards can cast protective and healing spells, the best spells in this domain are usually reserved for clerics or paladins.

Cleric

Clerics spells tend to focus on healing, exploration, and protection, with some emphasis being put on spells that relate to death and the divine. The best restorative spells are usually reserved for clerics.

Overall the class has very few damaging spells. Those which do inflict damage are usually less powerful than those available to warlocks and wizards, either because they have less range, affect a fewer number of creatures, or deal less damage outright. The few damaging spells the cleric can cast tend to deal fire, radiant, or necrotic damage.

Druid

In many ways, druid spells can be the most versatile of any spellcasting class. They can cast healing and protective spells nearly as well as a cleric, and have offensive options that are nearly as good as a wizard or sorcerer. However, the best of these spells are usually reserved for those classes. Druids have access to many exploration spells as well but are most noticeably lacking in interaction spells—unless interacting with animals.

Although druid spells can be offensive, those that deal damage almost always do so over time. They dabble in spells that inflict cold, fire, and poison damage, but the most explosive ones are reserved for sorcerers and wizards. A druid can cast flaming sphere for example but not the more powerful fireball. In the same vein, a druid can cast healing spells but doesn't have something as potent as revivify.

Almost all spells available to druids invoke the natural world—through weather, water, plants, animals, or more esoteric phenomenon like moonlight or geological events.

Paladin

Although it has as many spell slots as a ranger, a paladin's spells are noticeably more potent than those of its counterpart. It has several damaging options, casts protective spells, and can cast many healing spells like cure wounds, but notably has very few explorations and interaction spells. What interaction and exploration spells are available usually fit into the paladin motif of truth, purity, heroism, and justice.

Perhaps most defining of paladin-exclusive spells is that they often protect or empower allies that are physically close to the paladin, such as within 30 feet. Paladins also wield many exclusive spells that can be cast as bonus actions, and empower the first weapon attack they make that hits within the duration—these spells usually have "smite" in their name, and the Player's Handbook contains many such spells. Since smite spells require concentration, a paladin can't benefit from more than one on a given attack.

Paladin spells have a very short range, usually no more than 30 feet, or only activate when the paladin hits with a weapon attack. Compared to other spellcasting classes, paladins are very purposefully designed and encouraged to engage in melee combat instead of fighting at range.

When a paladin spell inflicts damage, it is usually radiant damage. They can dabble in other types, however, such as necrotic, psychic, thunder, and even force.

Ranger

Like druids, ranger spells often invoke the natural world, but they often do so in a manner more similar to a huntsman than a naturalist. More so than any other class, ranger spells tend to be subtle. Even their attack spells don't come across as flashy, and are usually derived from weapons the ranger wields—such as hunter's mark or conjure volley, which can be found in the Player's Handbook.

A ranger spell should virtually never be flashy or invoke obtusely magical phenomena like a fireball or a conjured elemental. Its spells are arguably the least "magic"-esque of all spellcasters in the SRD, as evidenced by the fact that it is the only one unable to learn spells available to literally every other spellcasting class, such as dispel magic.

Ranger spells often deal with exploration (though not with teleportation); and tracking animals, objects, or people. Several of their spells often deal with avoiding being tracked or detected, such as nondetection and silence, but they wield nothing as obtuse as invisibility.

Sorcerer

Sorcerer spells are largely defined by wizard spells. The two classes share most spells, and the few SRD spells that aren't shared between them are exclusive to wizards.

If a spell is exclusive to sorcerers and not available to wizards, it might pertain to the class features or archetypes of the sorcerer class.

Warlock

Warlock spells are of special consideration, because unlike every other SRD class a warlock restores its spell slots after a short or long rest instead of only a long rest. Spells of 1st through 5th level that could be abused if they can be cast too often, such as certain healing spells or spells with long durations, should not be made available to this class.

Fitting to its name, warlock spells are most often offensive or battle-oriented. Although they are not all blatant attacks, most of them can be used to gain the upper hand in a battle. Even when they are subtle, warlock spells are insidious—controlling the minds of others, invoking fear, or granting invisibility. The few spells a warlock wields that aren't harmful are usually spells that are common among spellcasters, such as dispel magic.

Aesthetically, warlock-exclusive spells often invoke the surreal, disturbing, or alien beings that could serve as the warlock's Otherworldly Patron. They may also invoke fey, or pertain to dreams, among other possibilities.

Wizard

Wizards have perhaps the broadest domain of any spellcasting class. They have by far the widest variety of damaging spells, but also have protective spells, interaction spells, exploration spells, and more. Just about the only thing they can't do very well is restore hit points or alleviate negative conditions.

Wizard spells, particularly ones that inflict damage, are usually long-range. Wizards are generally built to avoid melee combat.

Many wizard spells are also available to sorcerers. Virtually all battle-oriented spells are shared between them, though a wizard has access to some exploration and interaction spells as well. Those that aren't shared are usually either more subtle spells that encourage more long-term planning, such as alarm and guards and wards; or they deal with knowledge and intelligence, such as feeblemind and legend lore.

One important consideration of wizard spells is that in most campaigns, some of them can be cast by an eldritch knight (a fighter archetype in the Player's Handbook) or an arcane trickster (a rogue archetype also in the PHB). Specifically, an eldritch knight can cast spells of the abjuration and evocation schools up to 4th level, while an arcane trickster can cast spells of the enchantment and illusion schools up to 4th level. Because these archetypes' spell progression is so slow and their spell slots so limited, most spells should be fine for them. The only exceptions would be ones that overwhelmingly empower or augment the class features of these classes.

Saving Throws and Attack Rolls

Buffing or nonharmful spells like cure wounds and greater invisibility don't call for saving throws. By contrast, almost every single harmful spell either requires an attack roll to have any effect or allows a saving throw to negate or mitigate the effect. The few that are harmful but always have an effect are usually damage spells, like magic missile, or aren't really all that harmful. The following sections list each type of attack roll or saving throw; for your harmful homebrew spell consider which of these best suits the spell you are creating.

Any spell with an attack roll (as opposed to a saving throw) can normally score a critical hit, potentially doubling the damage it deals. Spell attack rolls are typically reserved for low-level spells like cantrips. There are few official spells which call for attack rolls at higher levels, and those which do—from the 2nd-level scorching ray to the 9th-level blade of disaster—spread the spell's effect across multiple attack rolls instead of a single hit-or-miss attack. Almost all high-level damaging spells call for a saving throw instead.

Melee spell attack

Compare to spells like inflict wounds, flame blade, and shocking grasp. If you touch the target or hit it, the bad stuff happens. It doesn't matter how willful or resilient the target is. It will pretty much have the same effect as a goblin and an ancient red dragon. A minority of spells use this, and those that do usually imitate magic weapons or are directly damaging spells like inflict wounds. Clerics and druids have these, but fancier casters like sorcerers and wizards almost always have ranged spell attacks instead.

Ranged spell attack

See spells like chill touch, chromatic orb, guiding bolt, and ray of enfeeblement. Most often these spells involve sending a visible ray, orb, bolt, or another projectile of energy to hit the target from a distance. Like melee spell attacks, spells in this category primarily deal damage. If the projectile explodes or otherwise covers an area, it would probably be a Dexterity saving throw instead.

Strength saving throw

Obviously enough, if they can mitigate the effect primarily by being strong or stalwart, this is your go-to. In the SRD Strength saves are made primarily to avoid being physically knocked prone, avoid being grappled, and avoid being flung across the battlefield. If an effect is instead mitigated by the strength of one's internal composition, such as mitigating a poison or avoiding fatigue, a Constitution save might be better.

Generally, Strength is used for, "Opposing a force that would physically move or bind you." (DMG, pg 238.)

Dexterity saving throw

See spells like fireball, prismatic spray, and faerie fire. Dexterity saves are also very commonly imposed by the breath attacks of dragons and dragonborns. More often than not, a Dexterity save represents an explosion of fire, lightning, cold, or other magic that bursts in a wide area that no one in that area could realistically avoid. Succeeding on a Dexterity save in this instance represents covering one's face, hiding behind a shield, or taking as much cover as possible. Fittingly, a successful Dexterity save only halves the damage, and anyone who fails it takes the full damage.

Of course, Dexterity saves can also be imposed from spells that agility or a quick reflex could mitigate. Although a Strength save is made to avoid being physically shoved prone, a Dexterity save could be used to navigate slippery terrain without falling prone (see the grease spell).

As a guideline, Dexterity is used for, "Dodging out of harm's way." (DMG, pg 238.)

Constitution saving throw

Consider spells like blindness/deafness, finger of death, levitate, poison spray, symbol, and thunderwave. Constitution saves are possibly the most common saving throw imposed by spells. Usually any spell that can only be overcome with fortitude, a strong immune system, a healthy body, or just pure gusto will be a Constitution save. Spells which deal cold damage, poison damage, or to a lesser extent necrotic damage often impose this kind of saving throw. Debilitating physical conditions such as poison, blindness, deafness, other mitigated senses, or restricted body parts often rely on a successful Constitution save to end them.

An important consideration is how much the spell affects a creature made of stone or a mindless but sturdy creature like a cockroach. If these kinds of creatures seem like they might be particularly resistant to the spell, then a Constitution save is probably your best bet. Otherwise, you may want to consider a Wisdom saving throw, or possibly a Dexterity saving throw.

At its core, Constitution saving throws are used for, "Enduring a disease, poison, or other hazards that saps vitality." (DMG, pg 238.)

Intelligence saving throw

Feeblemind is the only SRD spell which calls for this kind of save, though detect thoughts calls for an Intelligence check. Psychic effects could call for this kind of save, as could any effect that relies on intelligence as opposed to willpower.

Since Intelligence is a numerical value of a creature's intellect, it should generally be used for, "Disbelieving certain illusions and resisting mental assaults that can be refuted with logic, sharp memory, or both." (DMG, pg 238.) It should also be used whenever an effect can mess with how a creature's brain works.

Wisdom saving throw

See spells like charm person, dominate monster, fear, hold monster, polymorph, and scrying. Spells which affect the mind or consciousness almost always call for a Wisdom save. It is one of the most common types of saves from spells.

Wisdom is used for, "Resisting effects that charm, frighten, or otherwise assault your willpower." (DMG, pg 238.)

Charisma saving throw

See spells like bane, banishment, calm emotions, dispel evil and good, divine word, hallow, and zone of truth. Charisma saves aren't terribly common, but they cover a few distinct areas that Wisdom spells otherwise would. Any spell dealing with interplanar travel, whether it is forcing it or restricting it, usually calls for a Charisma save. Anything which primarily limits or restricts a creature's capability to express itself (including Deception or Intimidation) likely calls for a Charisma save. Some offensive cleric spells may call for Charisma saves as well, especially those which deal with divinity or repelling undead.

The DMG states that Charisma saving throws are used for "Withstanding effects, such as possession, that would subsume your personality or hurl you to another plane of existence."

Saving throw comparison

In the Monster Manual and some campaigns, some types of saving throw are more likely to be higher than others. Many strong monsters for example have high Constitution and thus high Constitution saves, while few monsters have high Intelligence. While players may choose which spells to take based on these assumptions, which saving throw a spell targets should not affect the spell's power level nor its damage output. After all, a campaign centered around a group of nefarious wizards—with high Intelligence but low Constitution—would inverse the common expectation anyway.

Above anything else, the nature of the spell should decide which saving throw is used. Still, you may wish to consider that players might choose and plan their spells based around which saving throws are targeted. A spell that uses an Intelligence save for example would be less effective on a typical wizard, but more effective on archetypical beasts and brutes. When creating a niche spell meant to specifically target spellcasters, for example, you may want to consider this.

Balancing

The most fundamental aspect of balancing a spell is determining an appropriate level. You never want to make a spell so good that someone would be a fool to not learn it over other options.

For example, if you want to create a spell that changes the appearance of any willing creature, it should probably be higher in level than disguise self and alter self. These spells can only affect you, the caster, and can change your appearance. A spell that could change the appearance of any willing creature for a similar duration is inherently more useful than either of these spells. Thus, it should probably be a higher level or have some kind of drawback, so it isn't always an inherently better option than either of those spells.

Damage

Spell Level	One Target Save Halves Damage	One Target Save Negates Damage	Several Targets Save Halves Damage	Several Targets Save Negates Damage
Cantrip	—	50.5 ½ (1d10)	—	30.5 ½ (1d6)
1st	11 (2d10)	130.5 ½ (3d8)	7 (2d6)	9 (2d8)
2nd	160.5 ½ (3d10)	21 (6d6)	100.5 ½ (3d6)	13 (2d12)
3rd	270.5 ½ (5d10)	33 (6d10)	21 (6d6)	26 (4d12)
4th	33 (6d10)	45 (10d8)	240.5 ½ (7d6)	31.5 (9d6)
5th	380.5 ½ (7d10)	49 0.5 ½ (9d10)	28 (8d6)	35 (10d6)
6th	55 (10d10)	67 0.5 ½ (15d8)	380.5 ½ (11d6)	49 (14d6)
7th	600.5 ½ (11d10)	76 0.5 ½ (17d8)	42 (12d6)	520.5 ½ (15d6)
8th	66 (12d10)	820.5 ½ (15d10)	450.5 ½ (13d6)	56 (16d6)
9th	820.5 ½ (15d10)	104 (16d12)	49 (14d6)	600.5 ½ (11d10)

The adjacent table is derived from material in the Dungeon Master's Guide (2014), with minor updates to reflect the different standards in the Dungeon Master's Guide (2024).

If a spell has a cast time of "1 action" and a duration of Instantaneous, it should generally do damage according to its level according to the adjacent table. A spell with significant drawbacks can get away with doing a little more than the recommended damage, whereas one with powerful effects in addition to damage should probably deal less damage.

For each damage column, the first value represents the ideal average damage for a spell of the given level. The value in parenthesis shows damage dice that, on average, will be equal or nearly equal to the first value. You can generally substitute any damage dice that will yield a similar average without significantly changing the spell's balance.

A "save negates" spell should generally deal ×1.25 as much damage as a "save halves" spell. This is reflected in the damage table.

Note that even in the SRD, some spells defy these suggestions. This is most notable with 3rd level and 9th level spells available to sorcerers and wizards. Most classes get a boost to damage at 5th level; where many classes get an Extra Attack feature at this point, sorcerers and wizards instead get a few unusually powerful 3rd level spells like fireball. Meanwhile, these class's 9th level spells (see meteor swarm and wish) seem to follow completely different rules. When making spells for these classes at these levels, one may go a bit beyond the norms, but on D&D Wiki, homebrew spells that are greater than or equal to fireball and meteor swarm are frowned upon.

Damage over time

There are spells that can deal damage once every turn for a number of turns, and these can come in one of several different varieties. The damage dealt by these spells is still based on the damage table above.

• Stationary hazard. With this kind of spell, you create a cloud or other hazard that is fixed in space. An example of this is wall of fire. Usually these spells require concentration. An important aspect of this spell is that it is fixed in space, so a creature will only be subject to the damage again if it doesn't remove itself from the hazard. Generally, this type of spell should use the same damage as an instantaneous spell. A hazard that covers a large area or a very nuanced area might be better dealing a little less damage.

• Repeating action. This kind of spell lets you use your action to deal damage on your turn when you cast it, and lets you repeat that action on subsequent turns for the duration. Usually these spells require concentration. This kind of spell should deal half as much damage as a spell for its level, according to the Damage Table. A good example of this is flame blade. The flame blade spell lasts for a while, but each attack with it only deals an average damage of 10.5. Referencing the adjacent table, we can figure out a 2nd-level spell with a single target that does nothing on a failed attack roll should deal 21 damage. Of course, half of 21 is 10.5, meaning this is a virtually perfect amount of damage for the spell.

• Second hit. This kind of spell deals ⅔ of its damage instantaneously, then ⅓ of its damage at the end of the target's next turn. In the SRD, this kind of spell deals approximately as much damage as an instantaneous spell, albeit with the damage split between the two "hits." A good example of this is acid arrow.

• Repeating bonus action. This kind of spell is similar to repeating action, but on subsequent turns only requires a bonus action to use the effect again. Some examples include the spells arcane sword and flaming sphere. Based on these two spells, one can see at lower levels this kind of spell will deal about half as much as the recommended damage, whereas at high levels it may only deal ⅕. This difference is largely due to the fact player character's actions are designed to scale in damage much more rapidly than their bonus actions. As a rough guideline, this spell should deal 0.5 ½ as much recommended at 1st or 2nd spell level; ⅓ as much at 3rd and 4th; 0.5 ¼ as much at 5th and 6th; and ⅕ at levels higher than 6th.

• Automatic damage. A more powerful damage-over-time spell involves an action to cast the spell, and only requires concentration to deal damage on subsequent turns. Unless the spell level is very high, or the damage is very low, this kind of spell should afford the target(s) a saving throw every round to end the damaging effect. The only spell in the SRD which does so is storm of vengeance, which deals 1d6 or 2d6 damage automatically depending on the round and is a 9th level spell. Suffice to say any spell which does automatic damage overtime should have a very low damage output compared to other spells of a similar level.
  

Smite damage

Spell Level	One Target Smite
1st	9 (2d8)
2nd	130.5 ½ (3d8)
3rd	18 (4d8)
4th	220.5 ½ (5d8)

Paladins have an array of spells that deal damage but follow a different and distinct pattern. Casting one of these "smite" spells only requires a bonus action, lasts for 1 minute with concentration; if you hit with a weapon attack while it lasts, the spell does extra damage on top of that weapon attack, and then usually the spell ends.

This kind of spell has numerous benefits. A bonus action cast instead of an action cast means it has much less weight on your action economy. Triggering only on a weapon attack that hits means the spell slot is rarely if ever wasted, as even if you miss the attack roll the spell is still there waiting for your next hit. Because of all these benefits, a paladin's smite spell usually deals much less damage on a hit compared to a normal damaging spell cast by a sorcerer or warlock.

Based on the paladin's Divine Smite feature, we can see a guideline for a smite is 9 (2d8) damage at 1st level, and an extra 1d8 for each level after this, to a maximum of 22.5 (5d8) damage. Nearly all smite spells in the Player's Handbook deal less damage than this feature, but trade that extra damage for benefits such as knocking the creature prone or making it frightened.

Smite spells are intentionally designed to be low in level and don't scale to the extent normal damage spells do. Weapon damage and spell damage both scale as player levels increase, and consequently giving a character full progression in both domains can result in an overpowered character. Even with 5th level spell slots, a paladin is unable to outright deal more than 5d8 damage with any smite, with the sole exception of banishing smite, which deals 5d10 instead.

No-save damage

Spell Level	One Target No Save	Several Targets No Save
1st	7 (2d6)	40.5 ½ (1d8)
2nd	11 (2d10)	7 (2d6)
3rd	18 (4d8)	14 (4d6)
4th	21 (6d6)	160.5 ½ (3d10)
5th	26 (4d12)	18 (4d8)
6th	36 (8d8)	26 (4d12)
7th	400.5 ½ (9d8)	28 (8d6)
8th	44 (8d10)	30 (12d4)
9th	55 (10d10)	320.5 ½ (5d12)

In official material there are very few spells which deal damage without involving an attack roll or saving throw at all. Magic missile is the most iconic and straightforward spell exemplifying this effect. There are few other straightforward examples, with arguably the only other one being power word kill as it appears in the 2024 Player's Handbook. This is for good reason; this is a game about rolling dice and such a spell removes an intrinsic part of the game.

Like fireball and meteor swarm, we can likely assume magic missile does an oddly large amount of damage for its level as an "iconic" D&D spell. After all it deals ~10.5 damage to a single target, which is virtually the same as the table's recommended ~11 damage for "save halves damage."

There should be justifiable strategic reason to learn both a no-save spell and a save-halves spell. There are few 1st-level single-target save-halves damage spells in official material, perhaps just because magic missile would be such overpowered competition for them. It works well enough at 1st-level but this isn't ideal for every spell level of every class. In practice the no-save spell's strategic purpose is for a target the caster expects to have high AC or saves; if the target going to succeed on a save-halves spell anyway, you might as well choose a spell that will always do an amount greater than the halved amount, even if the maximum possible damage is lower.

In lieu of strong official guidance we can make some assumptions about standards for "no-save" damage:

• No-save damage should be less than any other category of damage. Obvious, isn't it?
• No-save damage should be more than half of a "save halves" spell. If no-save didn't do at least this much damage, there would be virtually no reason to choose it over the save-halves spell which will always deal that much average damage anyway.
• No-save damage should be less than 75% of corresponding save-halves. If a target succeeds on its save half the time, then half the time it'll take 100% damage and the other half of the time it'll take 50% damage, which averages out to 75% damage. This correlates to the topic discussed in the previous paragraph. If a no-save damage had a value this high, there would be little reason to ever choose a save-halves spell over a no-save spell.

Based on all this we can make a reasonable assumption that a no-save spell should deal somewhere around 60% as much damage as a similar save-halves-damage spell. To be generous, we can say ⅔ (~68%) at the absolute most. This is reflected in the adjacent table. Even at these damage values, there should be few if any reliable no-save damage options in a caster's repertoire. Both magic missile (~10.5 damage) and power word kill (~78 damage) exceed these standards, but both spells arguably warp their entire spell level as a result.

Other Examples

• Ashardalon's stride and forbiddance include no-save damage as a minor secondary effect.
• Some spells like armor of agathys and fire shield deal damage only if your foe's attack roll succeeds, and spike growth deals no-save damage only if your foe moves.
• Several spells damage the caster.

Hit point restoration

The damage table isn't as fine-tuned for this purpose, but you can use it as a rough estimate of how many hit points should be restored by a healing spell. Healing spells towards the lower end should restore a little bit less than the table suggests (see cure wounds), while those towards the high end should restore a little bit more (see heal).

According to the Dungeon Master's Guide, a cantrip shouldn't offer healing.

Effect duration

As a general guideline, the longer a spell's effect lasts, the weaker the effect should be.

This is most notable with spells that impose debilitating conditions, such as poisoned or stunned. Almost every spell that imposes disadvantage on attack rolls, or advantage on attack rolls against the target (or a condition that does so) affords the target creature a saving throw on each of its turns to end the effect. If a spell inflicts a condition like this and doesn't afford regular saving throws, it should generally be at least 6th level.

By comparison, a spell that reduces speed or restricts reactions isn't considered debilitating. Such a spell might require the target use an action to attempt a saving throw to end the effect, or in extreme cases not even afford a saving throw.

Concentration

Far more often than not, a spell with a duration of more than instantaneous calls for concentration. "Debuffing" spells, in particular, should virtually always call for concentration.

Duration increments

Almost every spell that isn't instantaneous lasts for one of the following time periods:

• 1 round (until the start of your next turn)
• 1 minute (one encounter)
• 10 minutes (one exploration period including one encounter)
• 1 hour (a quick dungeon crawl)
• 8 hours (practically all day)
• 24 hours (until you cast this spell again tomorrow)
• Permanent / Until dispelled

There are very few reasons to make a spell with a lasting effect that doesn't fall into one of these periods of time. Using a different increment of time will generally make the spell more difficult to remember accurately, and thus more difficult to use.

Range and area of effect

Spells with an unusually long-range or a particularly wide area of effect can make up for lesser effects somewhat.

Likewise, a spell that is particularly strong for a class that has it probably should have a small range or only affect one target. This is perhaps most noticeable with inflict wounds; it is one of the most damaging spells for its level available to a cleric, but it has a range of only touch.

You could consider that any area of effect spell you make may play very differently on different tables, as different official sources suggest different means of applying areas of effect to a grid. Some tables play without grids entirely.

Components

Generally speaking, components play a very small role in the balance of spells, but here are some notable considerations.

Spells that require a verbal component (V) can't be cast if the caster is prevented from speaking, typically by another spell such as the silence spell. Therefore, spells that don't require a verbal component are harder to prevent a caster from using.

Spells that require a somatic component (S) can't be cast if the caster doesn't have a free hand. Verbal only spells like vicious mockery are notable for being able to be used while a caster's hands are otherwise restrained.

While this is hit-or-miss and should never be relied on for balancing, as some players or groups are likely to forget or even ignore them outright, material components (M) that have a gold piece cost and/or that are consumed upon casting are often used respectively to either gate the spell until the DM allows the players that material component (as seen with the 100 gp pearl used for identify) or as a way to limit the spammability of a spell beyond spell slots (as seen with the incense and powdered diamond cost of glyph of warding or the diamonds used by any spell that brings the dead back to life).

A spell that requires costless material components only comes into play when a caster is disarmed of their arcane focus or component pouch.

Consider multiclass balance

In a typical campaign, cantrips and 1st-level spells are not inherently exclusive to one class. Some races such as elves can gain cantrips regardless of their class, and the Magic Initiate feat (PH, pg. 168) lets anyone pick up two cantrips and a 1st-level spell. Aside from this, a player-character is usually allowed to multiclass into a class like wizard or cleric to pick up cantrips and spells, which can augment their capabilities in another class.

For most spells, this isn't problematic, but it can sometimes be disastrous. For example, a wizard cantrip that improves the damage of your unarmed strike might seem balanced at first glance, but consider: a high elf can take that cantrip as a racial feature at 1st level, then start off in the monk class. A monk already has strong unarmed strikes, and can make more unarmed strikes per turn than other classes. This could easily snowball into an unintentionally overpowered option.

Casting ability

Ideally, every spell uses a casting ability in one subtle but important way. As a general guideline, it should be less vital than an ability score for weapon attacks. An attack with a longsword, for example, adds Strength to both the attack roll and the damage roll. By contrast, an attack with a fire bolt spell only adds casting ability to the attack roll.

Avoid overusing the casting ability. If a spell imposes a spell attack or a saving throw, then the casting ability has already been used once. It shouldn't be added again, such as to the spell's damage. Casting ability should never be so vital that it could alter the appropriate level of a spell; for example shield of faith uses a flat +2 bonus because the difference between a +0 and a +5 bonus to AC is far too large.

When feasible, you should also avoid under-using the casting ability. A Wisdom-based spell should be at least a little better if you cast it with 20 Wisdom instead of 7 Wisdom. Cure wounds doesn't have an attack roll or a saving throw, but it still makes use of casting ability in a way that is significant to that spell. It isn't always feasible to implement casting ability in a way that works well, however; this is especially true for nonharmful, nonhealing spells like mage armor and lesser restoration. It's better to not use a casting ability than to use it poorly.